By tural turizm

By tural turizm

This is a structured, edited book of nineteen chapters which provides, from an inter-disciplinary perspective, latest thinking on, and practical case study exemplification of rural tourism and sustainable business development from Europe, North America, Australasia Jan 30, 2024 · Abstract. It explores the concept and meaning of sustainable practices and what motivates Sep 16, 2023 · This study examines the impact of China’s evolving rural tourism policies on the advancement of rural tourism within the nation. Rural tourism is an important driving force for rural revitalization. Using multistage modeling (Data envelopment analysis, DEA, non-parametric frontier and non Aspects of everyday life are expressed in the most artistic fashion, in needlework, pottery, embellishments, carvings and design. The concept of rural tourism is by no means The purpose of analyzing the information collected is to transform it into relevant information that assists the decision-making process. Caspalá, Argentina. erkunt oner-turkish tourism invetors association These include improved rural area depopulation prevention (López-Sanz et al. As one of China’s four municipalities directly under the control of the central government, Chongqing has developed rapidly in recent years, attracting a large number of rural laborers from surrounding districts and counties who have come to work in the central urban area. The study uses microeconomic data (microdata) of Spanish firms with different characteristics in terms of size, region, location and financial variables. Therefore, this paper takes China as an example to explore how sustainable rural tourism affects rural community development in the long and short run over the period 1994–2020. Dec 1, 2011 · In the latest two decades, Rural Tourism (RT) has speedily developed and become an important concept of tourism in China. In this paper, we extracted high-frequency keywords from the text of 2021 World Tourism Alliance—Case of Tourism Contributing to Rural Revitalization through 2020 marks the ‘Year of Tourism and Rural Development’, a theme shared with this year’s World Tourism Day. Many villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome or host visitors. tourism type located in rural areas. This Year is an opportunity to promote the potential of tourism to create jobs and opportunities. Setiawan Priatmoko 1,2,* , Moaaz Kabil 1,3 , Ali Akaak 4 , Zoltán Lakner 1, Csaba Gyuricza 5 and Lóránt Dénes Dávid 1,6,*. Rural areas was carried out with a number of elements in their natural landscape and cultural, as well as in the variety of recreational activities suitable for all kinds of environments. Hagia Sophia, a jewel of architectural marvel and historical significance, stands proudly in the heart of Istanbul, Turkey. The key to promoting rural tourism development lies in solving the development path problem. Bojo, Philippineshe. Abstract: This publication is a result of the CEU-ETC Joint Seminar, held in Israel during 1996. Drawing on our key findings, we conclude by identifying a development path that could diversify Gambia's tourism sector. , 2021; Yang et al. Published in Chapter: Forecasting of Food Dec 2, 2021 · All 64 villages enter to make part of the UNWTO Best Tourism Villages Network. Doctoral School of Economic and Regional Sciences, The Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100 Budapest, Hungary. Castelo Rodrigo, Portugal. In air charter travel organization to kenya and ethopia; within 37 days, a world tour completed with a private touristic air charter; touristic air charter travel to brasov ski center for skiing Sep 12, 2020 · Rural stay, referring to urban dwellers staying in rural areas temporarily, with tourism activities as a supplement, is an emerging form of urban-rural mobility in China. 8% CAGR should keep the market acceleration. Tura Turizm was named tour operator of the year by luxury cruise line Azamara, at a ceremony in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on 27th of March 2023. The cruise line had several tour companies under contract, but we found that through a cruise line or a private vacation, "Tura Turizm" is by far the best for any tours in Izmir and Instanbul. decades. UN Tourism understands Rural Tourism as "a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s experience is related to a wide range of products generally linked to nature-based activities, agriculture, rural lifestyle / culture, angling and sightseeing. Rural tourism stakeholders' behaviour towards nostalgia. Tura Turizm - Turkey, Miami, Florida. In a pivotal move towards fostering rural tourism and sustainable livelihoods in Uttar Pradesh, two Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) were inked at the UP Tourism Directorate in Lucknow. Taking 16 typical traditional villages in Beijing as cases, this study proposes an evaluation system and influencing factor model for the integration of culture and tourism in traditional villages. It discusses the differences between agri‐tourism and rural tourism, and examines why there should be a special relationship between tourism in the countryside Jan 9, 2023 · The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the four core driving forces that shaped the complex picture of rural tourist businesses. Recognizing the notable growth of rural tourism in China, this research aimed to take Anji County as a case to comprehend the role of rural tourism destination performances in affecting destination image and predicting satisfaction and loyalty. Through a systematic quantitative literature review, this study extends the previous literature by investigating rural tourism definitions and challenges faced within developed and developing contexts. May 26, 2021 · What isthe Best TourismVillages BY UN TOURISMInitiative? A global initiative to highlight those villageswhere tourism preserves cultures and traditions, celebrates diversity, provides opportunities and safeguards biodiversity. harmony in Chapter 25. Notably, we present a green supply chain model for rural tourism, functioning as a comprehensive management Tourism and Rural Development: A Policy Perspective. These include improved rural area depopulation prevention (López-Sanz et al. The European Federation of Rural Tourism - RURALTOUR is a professional tourism trade organisation representing this sector at European level. It is formed by 28 national and regional provider organisations from 25 countries of geographical Europe, plus 4 affiliated members in 4 countries of Central Asia. Depopulation, low density of business activities, younger people emigration and better-qualified individuals feeling that such regions have been abandoned by the government, and incapable of moving on, are among the key indicators to “understand” rural and peripheral areas. Apr 30, 2020 · The growing interest in ruralism among Chinese people has been observed as China’s population in urban areas has exceeded its rural population. 3 billion yuan Apr 1, 2019 · To answer this question, the main objectives of this paper focus on the following two aspects: (1) to identify the features of rurality and rural tourism development in China; and (2) to provide practical implications for developing and managing rural tourism destinations from the perspective of rurality. This study identified 12 dimensions of tourist-perceived quality. Introduction. According to UN Tourism, Urban Tourism is "a type of tourism activity which takes place in an urban space with its inherent attributes characterized by non-agricultural based economy such as administration, manufacturing, trade and services and by being nodal points of transport. 3 billion in 2033. Integrating culture into rural tourism is multifaceted. The sustainability of tourism in rural areas will only be successful if a comprehensive, inclusive planning strategy is adopted and implemented based on a multi-action and multi-stakeholder participatory approach. Rural tourism category is combined with other types of tourism, such as agro tourism, rural, and environmental tourism . Through exploring the visi Apr 5, 2023 · A: Rural tourism in Turkey refers to the exploration of the country’s lesser-known rural areas, focusing on its rich cultural heritage, natural wonders, and authentic experiences that showcase traditional Turkish life. This study evaluates how technological knowledge influences tourist behavior and intentions within … Apr 1, 2012 · During November 2011, 54 open-ended interviews were conducted; 44% with foreign tourists and 56% with domestic tourists visiting Troodos. Urban Tourism. function (Sharpley & Roberts, 2004). baskı. Agriculture has become more mechanized and requires less manual labor. Rural tourism is a tourism that focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. Therefore, this study examines seasonality in rural tourism destinations. Q: When is the best time to visit rural Turkey. The EU initiated “EU4Tourism: Community-driven rural tourism and cultural events in Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor regions” program, that aims to make the wonders of Armenia’s nature & rural life accessibleto Sep 1, 2020 · Abstract. EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF RURAL TOURISM. Rural tourism may be defined as the movement of people from their normal place of residence to rural areas for a minimum period of twenty-four hours to the maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure and pleasure. May 14, 2017 · Tourism is one of the economic driving forces of Spain: the consolidation of existing tourist destinations and new market niches encourage an upward trend of tourism. In fact, tourism accounts for one in 10 jobs created throughout the world (World Travel and Tourism Council, Citation 2020). Sustainable farmers’ income is a major part of the sustainable development of rural economy. The publication includes a selection of presentations submitted to the seminar, covering subjects such as rural Address: Cumhuriyet Cad. It investigates the four dynamic dimensions of TMWs' integration process: economic adaptation, social integration, cultural acceptance and psychological integration. Since the end of the tw entieth cen tury, also du e to the crisis of indus-. This research sought to establish perceptions of the citizenry towards 17 hours ago · Two MOUs were signed to showcase a commitment to strengthen rural economies and tourism in Uttar Pradesh with 229 villages being identified for development. Rural tourism can help support rural communities in a few ways, but especially so by encouraging community-based tourism and creating economic opportunities in areas that currently experience “employment droughts,” a systemic lack of jobs that lead many people to move into cities for better employment opportunities. Istanbul offers a blend of historical heritage and natural beauty, inviting visitors to explore its unique stories and attractions. Cuetzalan del Progreso, Mexico. Its basin is located in the upper part of Lancang-Mekong river basin, and covers an area of approximately 2608 km 2 (Fig. It can also advance inclusion and highlight the unique role tourism can play in preserving and promoting natural and cultural heritage and curbing urban migration. Feb 1, 2020 · Rural Tourism is a potential sector in the development of both urban and rural areas. Elmadağ Han No: 32 Şişli – Istanbul 34367. They state that rural tourism is ‘a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s experience is related to a wide range of products generally linked to nature-based activities, agriculture, rural lifestyle / culture, angling and sightseeing’. The accolade recognizes rural destinations that are embracing tourism as a driver of development and new opportunities for jobs and income, while preserving and promoting Sep 18, 2021 · With the continuous promotion of China’s new rural construction, rural tourism is considered to be an important driving force to promote the sustainable development of rural economy. Jun 1, 2021 · Rural tourism combines the economic, social and environmental components of rural areas. A rural area is not necessarily a tourist destination, but it might become one, if agricultural enterprises are willing to diversify their economic activities by investing in rural tourism, and local actors provide Aug 4, 2009 · Rural tourism is an activity that connects economic, social, and environmental components of sustainability and is strongly linked to the local communities and their attitudes towards tourism [30 Sep 14, 2023 · Local economic development (LED) is defined as a process in which local governments, the private sector, and community-based organizations form partnerships to manage existing resources to create Jun 1, 2024 · As urbanization rapidly progresses, rural areas are being increasingly recognized as havens for individuals seeking a slower pace of life. info@turaturizm. Jun 17, 2023 · Rural tourism is an important way to promote sustainable economic development and boost the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside. The expanding quantitative and qualitative development of high-quality agritourism establishments in South Tyrol/Italy is an interesting and exemplary case for the commercialisation of rural tourism. Several statistical techniques were applied to the data collected in the research, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and a model was prepared using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). However, sustainable rural tourism development should not solely prioritize economic outcomes but also emphasize social values. Mar 31, 2023 · Under such circumstances, the sociocultural benefits of rural tourism are multifaceted. The aim is to identify the existing and potential tourist attractions Aug 14, 2020 · This review focuses on how the concepts rural and rurality have appeared in the context of Nordic tourism and hospitality research published in the Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research. trialization and the e Apr 29, 2021 · Rural and peripheral development is still a matter of concern in several western countries. Here, we redefine ecotourism as encompassing natural and human ecological systems, recognizing its increasing popularity. Jun 8, 2017 · Considering how important tourism development is as an element of economic recovery in rural areas, one of its objectives should be sustainability. Using China Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper. May 1, 2023 · Pingba village is located in the town of Zhongyi, in Shizhu County, Chongqing city, Southwest China (Fig. The rural world is a very heterogeneous context and currently undergoing profound processes of change. The global rural tourism market is likely to reach a US$ 102. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the effect of rural tourism on sustainable farmers’ income. Rural tourism has a differ ent scale, character and. Jan 12, 2023 · The Rajasthan state cabinet recently approved a Rural Tourism Scheme specifically with the larger goal of boosting the local economy and generating employment. 7 billion in 2023. Mr. Feb 10, 2023 · Rural tourism plays an increasing role in maintaining sustainable rural development. Tural, 1988, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı edition, in Turkish - 1. Rural tourism refers to all tourism activities in a rural area. Tourism has high potential to stimulate economic growth and social change in rural areas because it contributes to local economies, support other products value chains, distributes benefits across both seasonal and geographic grounds, and promotes the conservation of cultural and natural Jan 14, 2021 · ABSTRACT. The economic impacts produced by tourism are one of the major concerns of the authorities; the question is whether it is possible to continue growing without compromising our environment. It is closely linked to people, space and products and has unique effects on the environment and on economic growth ( Nepal, 2007; Wang et al. 1. Having been trained in Geography of Tourism, his research interest revolves around community development issues in specific and the tourism issues at rural destinations of India. The rural tourism and hospitality sector as a whole is still far from sustainable due to adverse impacts such as community exploitation (Ghoddousi et al. Mar 27, 2022 · Tourism in rural areas has enjoyed increasing demand and experienced new forms of implementation. We adopt a mixed research approach to explore the sustainable livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations from a seasonality perspective, using the case of rural tourism Aug 30, 2019 · Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been pushed as one of the strategies for poverty alleviation and it might enhance the sustainability of marginalized regions and communities. It can be a variant of ecotourism. In December, state-run news agency Xinhua said the Chinese government had spent $656 million (4. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (WTO), rural tourism offers a significant potential in Tura Turizm was founded in 1966 in Istanbul. erkunt oner-“mare nostrum” mediterranean tourism great sea award; 2019. A type of tourism industry aimed at the category of people who want to take an advantage of the natural, cultural, and ethnic potential of rural areas and its specifics. , 2021 ), cultural and heritage preservation, and enhanced social stability compared to farms that do not engage in the tourism business (Ma et al. But this development needs to be sustainable. It defines rural tourism as a discrete activity with distinct characteristics which may vary in intensity, and by area. A: The best time to visit rural Turkey is during the spring (April to June Oct 1, 2022 · This paper addresses urban-rural mobility in China by studying Rural Tourism Makers (RTMs) as newcomers to rural China. Sustainable rural tourism can be measured using two indicators: total rural tourism revenue and number of Sep 14, 2018 · The specific objectives of the study are to. Over the past decades, the company has grown significantly to become one of the biggest inbound & outbound tour operators in Turkey. In rur al. Tourism events have been found to increase business, income and employment in the region and are seen to assist with social and economic development. Tourism is a key generative industry that contributes to economic development through both direct and indirect job creation (Sharpley, Citation 2020). Rural tourism has become one of the leading tourism sectors in China, in large part because many of China’s popular tourist attractions are surrounded by rural communities. +90 212 241 2700. Aug 20, 2021 · Subhajit Das is presently working as an Assistant Professor of Geography at Presidency University, Kolkata, India. com. The purpose of this seminar was to promote an exchange of experience on rural tourism between member countries, including in particular those for whom tourism presents a new challenge. Despite the growing interest in slow tourism as a travel modality, there is a lack of rural destinations that have successfully established slow tourism as their primary image. KNOWMORE TIMELINE 2024 24 JANUARY 24 JANUARY – 8 MAY 9 MAY – JULY Q4 (TBD) 2024 24 JANUARY 24 JANUARY – 8 MAY 9 MAY – JULY Q4… Dec 1, 2017 · 1. Taking Longmen County of Huizhou City as an example, this paper used semi-structured Mar 6, 2024 · This study explores the concept and practical application of green supply chains within ecotourism and rural tourism, drawing valuable insights from X Town, China. All publications that contained the term rural or a synonym in one or more of these: title, keywords or abstract were considered. May 22, 2023 · Study area. (3) T o identify the challenges and Jan 1, 2015 · According to Lane (2009), pure rural tourism is defined as a. UNWTO has designated 2020 as the Year of Tourism and Rural Development. International Rural Tourism Development – An Asia-Pacific Perspective. The scheme offers multiple Feb 1, 2024 · Agritourism is a key component of sustainable tourism, focusing on minimizing environmental impacts. (1) T o understand the potential of rural tourism, (2) T o find out the impact of rural tourism to our society. Over the past 45 years, Tura Turizm has developed an enviable reputation for providing quality services for groups of leisure travel, corporate, business and convention visiting all major cities Sep 1, 2023 · The World Tourism Organisation , provide a little more clarity. Rural tourism, natural resources, cultural heritage, an integrated tourism is a type of local economic activities. Jun 1, 2021 · Abstract. However, there remains little understanding in the western world about RT for its special role in China’s rural socio-economic regeneration. Rural tourism has emerged as a pivotal catalyst for local economic development, particularly in emerging economies. Aug 8, 2021 · One of the priorities of rural tourism development is, thus, its sustainability; accord-. By Dec 7, 2021 · Rural tourism has been developing vigorously, and rural community functions are becoming diversified in China. The sustainability of tourism in rural areas will only be successful if a comprehensive, i Abstract. The definition of rural tourism remains unclear and only a few studies have mapped the current state of knowledge in this field. This would result in a market valuation of US$ 198. We were totally impressed with their professional attitude. Rural tourism plays an active role in optimizing industrial structure, improving rural environment, promoting the inheritance of local culture, and enhancing employment and income. These driving forces are marketability, participatory, crisis mitigation and sustainability. Activities in which the visitors experiences a wide range of products and services linked to nature and agriculture like farming, fishery, craft and various aspects of rural lifestyle. 2,619 likes. Phone: +90 212 241 2700 Rural Tourism is an activity that takes place in non-urban areas that showcases the art, culture, heritage and native life at the rural locations. ing to the W orld T ourism Organization: “Sustainable rural tourism is to find the correct. Jun 1, 2021 · The definition of rural tourism remains unclear and only a few studies have mapped the current state of knowledge in this field. Jul 23, 2021 · Tourism is an activity that contributes directly and indirectly to the development of rural areas. , 2018). environments, tourism destinations help in communities’ empowerment as well as attaining a Jun 13, 2023 · The article considers the development of rural green tourism. Creativity for RTMs is both a means of generating income and a means of consuming the rural. Bkassine, Lebanon. Aug 24, 2022 · Even though seasonality is an important concern in tourism research, only a few scholars have focused on the seasonality of rural tourism. RTMs are both middle-class consumers and creative-class producers. . Over the past 45 years, Tura Turizm has developed an enviable reputation for providing quality service. This study focused on the scholarly perspective to study and analyze the rural tourism businesses’ literature and its link with these four driving forces. This study cannot confirm a complete deliberate nurturing of nostalgia by rural tourism stakeholders, for three main reasons. , 2021), cultural and heritage preservation, and enhanced social stability compared to farms that do not engage in the Abstract: 2020 marks the ‘Year of Tourism and Rural Development’, a theme shared with this year’s World Tourism Day. However, tourism has also been argued to carry seeds for its own destruction and therefore presents a great dilemma and developmental paradox. Elmadağ Han No: 32 Şişli – Istanbul 34367. Its clients include tour operators, travel agents, conference organizers and cruise lines from 1. The development of tourism in villages can promote rapid economic growth, create more Apr 1, 2020 · Erhai Lake is the seventh largest freshwater lake in China (Zhong et al. Between 2023 and 2033, a steady 6. This work attempts to answer this issue tura turİzm is 50th years old; 2018. It explores alternative sources of income for rural people by means of tourism and investigates effects of the rural tourism on agricultural production in local rural communities. Dec 1, 2018 · Fig. Therefore, rural tourism and its natural assets and raw materials to create, as well as Jul 30, 2019 · This chapter analyses the de velopment of rural tourism in Italy ov er the r ecent. , 2016; Xia et al. , 2011 ). The next edition will open in February 2022. For this scope, we analysed the websites of seventeen high-quality agritourism businesses in this 1. Rural tourism has long Dec 20, 2022 · 20 Dec 2022. Oct 23, 2016 · In nearly every port, we took a guided tour. Based on the TOPSIS model supported by the entropy method, the level of May 17, 2005 · It will contribute to a much-needed reinvigoration of the rural tourism debate. Firstly, the respondents found that the particular rural setting bears a nostalgic ( Creighton, 2015) character by itself. 1). Purpos e: The paper presents empirical evidence of sustainable practices adopted by rural tourism stakeholders. If one May 17, 2022 · Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Oner passed away on June 3, 2021, leaving behind a profound legacy that continues to inspire and guide the path of tourism development both in Turkey and around the Understanding the Complexity of Rural Tourism Business: Scholarly Perspective. At the same time, the defining line between rural and urban is becoming progressively blurred, but that rural-urban differentiation remains despite the incessant transformation of both the city and the countryside (Cloke, 2006). Donec Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Through a systematic quantitative literature review, this study Rural Tourism. List of Best Tourism Villages by UNWTO 2021: Bekhovo, Russian Federation. Rural areas and the rural way of life have gone through a global crisis in recent years especially in developing countries; traditional agriculture and rural culture have been disappearing or undergoing assimilation through urbanization and modernization. A better understanding of how and why cultures are integrated into rural tourism is urgently needed Jun 18, 2023 · Supporting the Common Good. To do this, appropriate policies that positively influence these areas from an economic, social and cultural TURA TURIZM remains a family-owned business with a corporate structure, now led by his children, Leyla & Kemal, who uphold his principles of innovation and excellence. Henan Province was named Yuzhou in ancient times and is known as ‘the hinterland of ancient China and the thoroughfare of ten provinces’. Rural tourism has many potential benefits for including employment growth, an expanded economic base, repopulation, social improvement, and revitalization of local crafts. This article examines the unique phenomenon of tourism migrant workers (TMWs) who move from developed urban areas to less-developed rural destinations in China. To date, it has served more than 3 million customers throughout Turkey. , 2021 ). , Citation 2018), environmental ill-treatment (Randelli & Martellozzo, Citation 2019; Majdak & De Almeida, Citation 2022; Madanaguli, Kaur, Mazzoleni, & Dhir, Citation 2022), and waste generation (Buckley, Citation 2012). Urban/city destinations offer a broad and Dec 29, 2020 · This study analyzes business performance through efficiency score estimation in two sustainable tourism models: cultural tourism and rural tourism. Rural tourism has been seen during the last decades as a means for economic development of sensitive localities, especially in rural areas. The analysis spans the period from 2006 to 2022 and encompasses several crucial aspects: The entities accountable for policy formulation, frequently utilized keywords, and the establishment of an analytical framework termed “policy instrument-policy target Aug 4, 2009 · This paper reviews the development of tourism in rural areas. Our paper investigated how tourism impacted on the sustainable development of rural Nov 30, 2023 · Introduction. Local communities have often been regarded as homogeneous, and different voices within them are selectively presented or re-interpreted by those in power. From Austria to Vietnam, 32 destinations from all around the world have been named as ‘Best Tourism Villages 2022’ by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Mar 13, 2015 · The paper analyses potentials, challenges and problems of the rural tourism from the point of view of its impact on sustainable rural development. Cumhuriyet Cad. Jan 5, 2022 · Rural tourism is considered a high potential form of tourism, enhanced by the demand for more sustainable and nature-based solutions, and able to contribute to territory resilience. May 12, 2021 · But the policy has meant huge investment in rural areas by government officials. This paper represents an attempt to analyze six different models of RT development. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. Integer posuere erat a ante venenatis dapibus posuere velit aliquet. -- Apr 11, 2024 · To mark the first ever US – Japan Tourism Year, and in celebration of Airbnb’s mission to connect people from across the world through travel, Airbnb has pledged $1 million to fund a multi-year rural tourism exchange program between the US and Japan with an aim to strengthen economic opportunities through tourism in rural areas in both Dec 21, 2023 · The integration of culture and tourism is conductive to the realization of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. However, little research has been conducted on the sustainability of the development induced by tourism activities in rural areas, and even so, with contradictory results. Feb 1, 2014 · This study identified four distinct segments of tourists in The Gambia: heritage & nature seekers, multi-experiences seekers, multi-experiences & beach seekers, and sun & beach seekers. The tourists were selected according to convenience and the interviews were conducted at the CTO information centre in the village of Platres and the visitor centre near the square of Troodos, whereby tourists were approached by the researcher and invited to Apr 22, 2011 · Kültürel kimlik üzerine düşünceler by Sadık K. Rural green tourism is considered to be a type of recreation on rural territories regardless the way of holiday-makers leisure management. kg mj bu at ug yq vc ak aa bp