On the answer line, write the letter of the correct choice. Anglicanism, one of the major branches of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and a form of Christianity that includes features of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Absolutism. 8 billion adherents. . ” Another said Protestant referred to “those who protested against the perceived abuses by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. Thomas Cranmer served as the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1555 CE and was one of the prime architects of the English Reformation during the reigns of Henry VIII of England (r. According to prominent Protestant theologian Edward Farley, who passed away in 2014, this isn’t all wrong. Jun 16, 2022 · Definition. 1369-1415) was a Czech philosopher, priest, and theologian who, inspired by the work of John Wycliffe (l. Scholars also use it in a broader From the earliest civilizations to the modern world, geography, religion, trade, and politics have bound peoples and nations together — and torn them apart. Protestantism is the religious tradition of Western Christianity that rejects the authority of the pope of Rome. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven, whether recognized here on Earth, or not. Apr 6, 2022 · Protestantism is a Movement: The History of Protestantism Protestantism may be thought of in terms of history, but it is also a matter of the individual believer and her response to God. The document was a series of 95 ideas about Christianity that he invited people to debate with him. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church, codified scripture, reformed abuses, and condemned Protestant theology, establishing the May 24, 2022 · The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) was one of the most significant cultural, political, and religious events in the history of Europe and helped shape the modern world. 1398-1468) was the inventor of the printing press (c. Saint, 12th century fresco in Staraya Ladoga. In art history, the 16th century sees the styles we call the High Renaissance followed by Mannerism, and—at the end of the century—the emergence of the Baroque style. Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious freedom in the New World, set sail from England on the Mayflower in September Christian fundamentalism was a movement in American Protestantism that arose in the late 19th century in reaction to theological modernism, which aimed to revise traditional Christian beliefs to accommodate new developments in the natural and social sciences, especially the theory of biological evolution. Roman domination and influence began in 123 BCE when Languedoc became a Roman colony. For this reason, many denominations still bear a close resemblance to Catholicism in certain practices and traditions. Tensions mounted and protests grew, and eventually, the Protestant Reformation happened. Christianity - Reformation, Denominations, Beliefs: The chief representatives of Protestant mysticism are the continental “Spirituals,” among whom Sebastian Franck (c. The earliest known use of the word Protestant is in the mid 1500s. OED's earliest evidence for Protestant is from 1539, in a letter by Thomas Wyatt, poet and ambassador. Anglicans. It has a very specific meaning in the history of American Christianity, as the name taken by a coalition of mostly white, mostly northern Protestants who, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, united in opposition to theological liberalism. c. The term was originally an insult used by Anglicans to refer to people whom they claimed were too Jul 25, 2022 · Johannes Gutenberg (l. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and Feb 2, 2018 · It is beginning to be reflected in anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism and anti-laborism. It began in Paris when the Catholic faction, fearing a Huguenot uprising, assassinated the leading Jul 13, 2020 · The English Reformation was a religious and political movement that changed the course of history. 1380 to c. But in seeking to Jan 13, 2023 · The largest theological differences between Catholic and Protestant Christians are the authority of the Pope and the form of the Eucharist in Communion. Jan 12, 2023 · The legacy of the Protestant Reformation is profound. It is categorized as one of the three Abrahamic or monotheistic religions of the Western tradition along with Judaism and Islam. The city 's fortifications withstood repeated sieges over the years. The Great Awakening was a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. The Bohemian Reformation (c. Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. Jan Hus (also John Huss, l. Protestantism. Take a journey through time and space and discover the fascinating history behind the complex world we inhabit today Jul 11, 2022 · The Edict of Nantes in 1598 was a watershed in French history and Henry IV's crowning achievement. Johann Tetzel Jun 25, 2019 · Protestant Christianity is not necessarily a denomination. a member of the parts of the Christian Church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church…. revivalism, generally, renewed religious fervour within a Christian group, church, or community, but primarily a movement in some Protestant churches to revitalize the spiritual ardour of their members and to win new adherents. Huguenots were French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin. Martin Luther was the man who initiated the May 30, 2024 · Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms. The Religious Society of Friends, also referred to as the Quaker Movement, was founded in England in the 17th century by George Fox. Naturally, these styles are all shaped by historical forces, the most significant being the Protestant Reformation’s successful challenge Dec 6, 2023 · The Reformation was a very violent period in Europe, even family members were often pitted against one another in the wars of religion. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical, challenging the authority of the Church and its claim as God 's earthly representative. In modern usage, predestination is distinct from both determinism and fatalism and is subject to the free decision of the human moral will, but the doctrine also teaches that salvation is entirely due to the eternal decree of God. The fissiparous nature of the movement continued to the 20th cent. Today, non-Catholic Christian denominations. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental , Presbyterian , and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican and Baptist traditions. Its origins lay principally in the new speed of transport across the world and the movement of populations that mixed denominations as never before; the world reach of traditional denominations; the variety of religion within the United Protestantism. In this article, we will delve into the beliefs, history, diversity, and influence of Protestantism, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of this significant tradition. 1542), Valentin Weigel (1533–88), and Jakob Böhme (1575–1624) are especially noteworthy. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Besançon Hugues (1491–1532), was The concept outline for AP World History: Modern presents the course content organized by key concept rather than in sequential units. The coding that appears in the AP World History: Modern Course and Exam Description, Effective Fall 2019 corresponds to the organization of the course content found in this conceptual outline. Apparently a borrowing from Latin; modelled on a German lexical item. Over the course of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had grown richer, and its higher clerical offices had become dominated by people motivated more by the desire for wealth and power than by spiritual concerns. May 16, 2024 · Anabaptist, (from Greek ana, “again”) member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers. [2] By this definition, Adam and Eve, Moses, the various prophets, except for the angels and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Luther (l. That’s a smaller share than Catholics, who comprised 50% of Christians around the world, but substantially larger than the percentage of Orthodox Christians, who represented 12%. Protestant Reformation. The granting of indulgences was predicated on two beliefs. He Protestant definition: 1. Gutenberg’s printing press not only revolutionized book making but literally changed the world in that ideas could now be shared over long distances with a wider audience than ever Jul 6, 2022 · The Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands was among the most violent and destructive of any region during the first 50 years of the movement, ultimately informing the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), but causing massive destruction and death prior to that conflict through religious intolerance and the inability to compromise by either faction. When he refused to recant his views, he was arrested and burned at the stake in Jan 12, 2021 · Definition. homonyms c. He believed in the same basic elements of Luther's Protestant teachings but emphasized the magnificent power God had more than Luther did. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Oct 29, 2009 · The Church of England. Significance: Calvinist were bound by a strict code of morality and discipline which was a leading cause of the spread of Calvinism. In its first generation, converts submitted to a second baptism, which was a crime punishable by death Mar 16, 2022 · John Calvin (l. Most Protestants broke away from the Mar 22, 2022 · Definition. Mary's marriage to Philip of Catholic Spain set her own kingdom reformation: [noun] the act of reforming : the state of being reformed. These ideas were controversial because Dec 2, 2009 · The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would The doctrines of the various Protestant denominations vary considerably, but all emphasize the supremacy of the Bible in matters of faith and order, justification by grace through faith and not through works, and the priesthood of all believers. Apr 14, 2023 · La Rochelle emerged early in the French Reformation as a Protestant political and military center. The use of observation and experimentation using the rational tools of the scientific method. ” Iconoclasm (from Greek: εἰκών, eikṓn, 'figure, icon' + κλάω, kláō, 'to break') [i] is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons. 3 days ago · Christianity - Reformation, Denominations, Doctrine: Formulating a definition of Protestantism that would include all its varieties has long been the despair of Protestant historians and theologians, for there is greater diversity within Protestantism than there is between some forms of Protestantism and some non-Protestant Christianity. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with 2. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the Decide which vocabulary word or related form best expresses the meaning of the italicized word or phrase in the sentence. With the spread of Christianity, the parish priest became the principal celebrant of the Eucharist. Finally, the Protestant Reformation makes clear the importance of accepting different beliefs. It was a complex event spanning over 100 years, which radically changed Jun 22, 2021 · In the centuries following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, people carved out kingdoms, fought brutal wars, and rose to greatness—and fell from it—with bewildering speed. Definition. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. 104 BCE) left his mark on the country by creating the road that bears Mar 16, 2018 · Hulton Archive/Getty Images. Calvin synthesized the differing views of Protestant sects with his own in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, regarded as one of Jun 2, 2020 · The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. Jun 9, 2024 · Protestantism - Ecumenism, Unity, Reformation: The ecumenical movement was at first exclusively Protestant (though Eastern Orthodox leaders soon took part). 1436) was the first concerted effort by Catholic clergy to reform the abuses and corruption of the medieval Church. The ordination of women to ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some contemporary major religious groups. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) was one of the most significant cultural, political, and religious events in the history of Europe and helped shape the modern world. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) with Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536 CE), she restored Catholicism in England while her persecution of Protestants led to her nickname 'Bloody Mary'. The Origins of the Protestant Reformation. See examples of PROTESTANT used in a sentence. 1585-1642). It is the second largest Protestant denomination, after the Baptist churches. Explore the timeline, causes, and consequences of the English Reformation with World History Encyclopedia. 1330-1384) challenged the policies and practices of the medieval Church and so launched the Bohemian Reformation. 2019 College Board. The movement’s most distinctive tenet was adult baptism. Probably also partly a borrowing from French; modelled on a German May 19, 2017 · Quakers. 'Christian' is derived from the Greek christos for the Hebrew messiah ("anointed one"). In the early 16th Century CE, the Roman Catholic church dominated Christianity in Europe, and the institution was starting to show some cracks. Martin Luther (l. Scientific Revolution. Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE. The term Protestant comes from the Protestation at Speyer in 1529, where the nobility protested against enforcement of the Edict of Worms which subjected advocates of Lutheranism to forfeit all of their property. Jun 1, 2024 · Priest, in some Christian churches, an officer or minister who is intermediate between a bishop and a deacon. Following the Reformation, many Protestant churches substituted ministers for priests. It was a complex event spanning over 100 years, which radically changed the way people understood themselves, religion, society, and ultimately how one defines truth. Christians still relied on divination, astrology, and other mystical practices condemned by official Church doctrine. , with splits, secessions, and schisms in most denominations. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation of small and medium-sized political entities. 1509-1547 CE) and Edward VI of England (r. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. The word Protestant is derived from the Latin protestatio, meaning declaration. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a widespread slaughter of French Protestants (Huguenots) by Catholics beginning on 24 August 1572 and lasting over two months, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 25,000 people. Oct 13, 2017 · Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. Bohemian clerics and theologians called for reform and, like later advocates, initially had no intention of breaking with the Church until the martyrdom of Jan Hus in 1415. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. Nov 17, 2021 · Definition. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian message and leading to the development of modern nation-states. Towards the end of the Renaissance, the Reformation marked the May 28, 2024 · Evangelical church, any of the classical Protestant churches or their offshoots but especially, since the late 20th century, churches that stress the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, Scripture as the sole basis for faith, and active evangelism (the winning of personal commitments to Christ). Learn more about Lutheranism in this article. “Fundamentalism” is a complicated word. e. The essence of an absolutist system is that the ruling power is not subject to regularized challenge or check by any other agency, be it judicial, legislative, religious, economic, or The Counter-Reformation ( Latin: Contrareformatio ), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, [1] was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. misnomers d. Nov 28, 2022 · To many people, both secular and religious, “fundamentalism” is an essentially pejorative term, referring to authoritarian religious forces seeking to drag society back into the past. Each side, both Catholics and Protestants, were often absolutely certain that they were in the right and that the other side was doing the devil’s work. Jews and Muslims also made up the European population. [1] Puritanism played a significant role in English and early American Protestantism definition: 1. 1499–c. The Protestant Reformation began in 1517, but its seeds had been sown years earlier. The eldest daughter of Henry VIII of England (r. Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther changed Christianity — and the world. Through the reigns of the Protestant King Edward VI (1547-1553), who introduced the first vernacular prayer book, and the Catholic Mary I (1553-1558), who sent some 6 days ago · predestination, in Christianity, the doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save. The Huguenots ( / ˈhjuːɡənɒts / HEW-gə-nots, UK also /- noʊz / -nohz, French: [yɡ (ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed ( Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism. For example, a High Church Anglican or Lutheran has more Protestant reformation. And intellectual movement centered in Western Europe during the Protestantism. Welcome to an in-depth exploration of Protestantism, a religious movement that has had a profound impact on modern society. denominations Nov 15, 2017 · Transcendentalism is a 19th-century school of American theological and philosophical thought that combined respect for nature and self-sufficiency with elements of Unitarianism and German Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church. Updated: June 27, 2023 | Original: December 2, 2009. This quotation seems to imply that the acronym was in common usage in the Southern United States. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. Jun 24, 2022 · Definition. The word run may have the most words that sound the same but differ in meaning in the English language. Religion in America. t. He is proud of his Anglo-Saxon parentage. May 18, 2023 · The region of Montpellier is an ancient land of settlement and passage where Phoenicians, Greeks, Iberians, and Celts left an imprint. Persecuted by the French Catholic government 5 days ago · Protestantism was not long in dividing—indeed it was born divided—over the nature of the eucharist, the role of bishops, the importance of good works, and the method of baptism. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and Conciliar movement: A reform movement in the 14th-, 15th-, and 16th-century Catholic Church that held that supreme authority in the church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches. Protestantism originated in the Reformation of the 16th century in Christian Europe, and Protestants have been said to share 3 basic convictions: 1) the Bible is the ultimate authority in matters of religious truth; 2) human beings are saved only by God's "grace" (ie Jun 9, 2021 · Definition. _____ a. Revivalism in its modern form can be attributed to that shared emphasis in Anabaptism, Puritanism, German Pietism, and Nov 2, 2017 · The Protestant Reformation, explained. Dec 13, 2021 · The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. While the Protestant Reformation began in Germany, in 2o10, nearly nine-in-ten (87%) of the world’s Definition: A branch of Roman Catholicism founded by John Calvin. In the middle of the 8th century, Pepin the Short (r. 1450) who seems to have developed the device from wine and oil presses of the time. Protestantism came about in the 16th Century when some believers broke off from the Catholic Church. The city's capitulation in 1628 ended the influence of the Huguenot political party and the religious May 15, 2020 · Definition. the beliefs of the parts of the Christian Church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church…. Learn more. [1] At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. The Puritans were English Protestant Christians, primarily active in the 16th-18th centuries CE, who claimed the Anglican Church had not distanced itself sufficiently from Catholicism and sought to 'purify' it of Catholic practices. Prior Apr 10, 2021 · Well, this is not a new phenomenon. The Southerner uses the term “WASP” to describe the average southerner — white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant. 1509-1564) was a French Reformer, pastor, and theologian considered among the greatest of the Protestant Reformation along with Martin Luther (l. The Reformation began in Europe in the early 16th century by Christians who opposed many of the unbiblical beliefs, practices, and abuses taking place within the Roman Catholic The Protestant Reformation began in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther, a teacher and a monk, published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95 Theses. It is considered one of Aug 31, 2017 · For example, one respondent said Protestant means, “to belong to a religion that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in ‘protest,’ or to object. Enlightenment. Protestantism originated from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. Among traditional Lutherans Johann Arndt (1555–1621) in his Four Books on True Christianity took up many of the themes Mar 22, 2019 · In 1604, England’s King James I authorized a new translation of the Bible aimed at settling some thorny religious differences in his kingdom—and solidifying his own power. The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, [1] was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church. [1] However, the theological underpinnings go back much May 8, 2019 · What Is the Definition of Protestantism? Protestantism is one of the major branches of Christianity today stemming from the movement known as the Protestant Reformation. 1547-1553 CE). The five solae summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism. Cranmer oversaw such reforms as conducting services in English instead of Nov 16, 2021 · Definition. The Protestant Reformation CP World History II. High Church. A split in the church caused by corruption in the church. He is inbred. Even though earlier reformers had expressed Luther's views, his charismatic personality and efficient use of the printing press encouraged widespread Jun 28, 2019 · Religion in Europe in the Middle Ages was a combination of Christian and pagan beliefs and practices. Dec 3, 2023 · December 3, 2023. France established the notion of tolerance and officially proclaimed for the first time that people were free to profess the religion of their choice, although Catholicism would remain the religion of the kingdom. [2] [3] [4] [b] May 6, 2020 · Definition. First, in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt ( culpa) of sin forgiven Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of Nov 21, 2023 · The Diet of Worms was assembled by the emperor in order to discuss and examine the tenets of Martin Luther's protestations against the Catholic Church. Anglicanism is loosely organized in the Anglican Communion, a worldwide family of religious bodies that represents the offspring of the Church of England Mar 7, 2018 · Illustrated London News/Hulton Archive/Getty Images. metonymy b. It was one of Europe ’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. It also helps explain the religious affiliations of certain populations, even today. It is a branch of Christianity under which are numerous denominations. 1483-1546) was a German priest, monk, and theologian who became the central figure of the religious and cultural movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice. The St. Protestant is of multiple origins. 1484-1531). A challenge to the Church in Rome. The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. Feb 21, 2024 · The men who initiated and advanced the vision of the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) did not set out, at first, to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church but only to correct what they saw as errors. Updated: March 27, 2023 | Original: May 19, 2017. The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. The movement came at a Oct 27, 2017 · Globally, Protestants made up 37% of Christians in 2010. The Roman general and senator Gnaeus Domitius (d. Protestantism encompasses forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with doctrines and religious, political, and ecclesiological impulses of the Protestant Reformation. Most obviously, it created a schism in one of the world's most widely practiced religions. Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, but the Nov 30, 2021 · Definition. It refers to the letter of protestation by Lutheran princes against The meaning of PROTESTANT is any of a group of German princes and cities presenting a defense of freedom of conscience against an edict of the Diet of Speyer in 1529 intended to suppress the Lutheran movement. In doing so, they launched a movement that would change how Christianity was understood and help shape the modern world. [2] It remains a controversial issue in certain religious groups in which ordination [a] was traditionally reserved for men. Protestantism is a movement within the broader Church of our Lord Jesus Christ that is fueled by a preeminent concern for a personal relationship with God Protestant definition: any Western Christian who is not an adherent of a Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Church. 751-768), joined in the scrap when he usurped the throne of the Franks. In 1627, La Rochelle was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu (l. 1558-1603 CE). 1483-1546) and Huldrych Zwingli (l. absolutism, the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator. Ecumenism ( / ɪˈkjuːməˌnɪzəm / ih-KYOO-mə-niz-əm; alternatively spelled oecumenism ) – also called interdenominationalism, or ecumenicalism – is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian Dec 2, 2009 · The Pilgrims. In the early 21st century there were nearly 350 million Protestants in the world. . May 31, 2024 · indulgence, a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. But, he argues, fundamentalism is also a t. A political system in which a ruler holds total power. After Charlemagne had defeated the pope 21 hours ago · Pew Research Center - Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century (June 19, 2024) Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. Learn how Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, and other key figures shaped the events and outcomes of this radical transformation. The Protestant Heritage, Protestantism originated in the 16th-century Reformation, and its basic doctrines, in addition to those of the ancient Christian creeds, are justification by grace alone through faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the supremacy of Holy Scripture in matters of faith and order. dfnhhjpzcogiqidjifoc