Geology definition geography a level

Sogne fjorden, a fjord in Norway, is more than 160 kilometers (nearly 100 miles) long. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in Geology is all the characteristics of land, including lithology (rock type) and structure (arrangement of rock units). Sea Level Change. When the equilibrium is disturbed, the system ‘Relief’ is the term used for the differences in height from place to place on the land’s surface and it is greatly affected by the underlying geology. Development of Practical Skills in Geology. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient. lava. brackish water. Hydrological Cycle Processes. The level of discharge is influenced by: Rate of precipitation. Module 2: Foundations in geology. Groundwater (aquifers) accounts for 0. " It is believed that the first person to use the word geography was Eratosthenes, who is the founder of The core is made up of two parts: Inner Core - solid centre, mostly composed of iron. There are a large range of human and physical factors that can affect the character of a place. Waves are generated by wind blowing over the sea. Well-cleaved rocks with many systems of joints are broken at much less expenses. Concordant coasts are also known as dalmatian coasts, after the Dalmatian region of Croatia, or Pacific coasts, after the coastline of Chile in South America. Deltas are dynamic areas that change quickly due to the erosion of unstable land during storm and flood events and the A pyroclastic flow is a superheated mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust. Feb 13, 2024 · A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an ocean, lake, or river. As it cools It becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge. Nov 21, 2023 · 3. The discharge from a drainage basin depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration and storage factors. the Nile River basin drainage area is more than 3 million km2 over 12 countries with 73 % of the drainage basin A Level. The coastline consists of low glacial till (boulder clay). Lithology is the chemical composition and physical properties of rocks. 1. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology. There are a number of distinct processes and pathways of the water cycle that link its main components. extension. In the case of the earth, these layers are composed of mostly rock and iron. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. The structure of a specific region of the earth's crust. Slab pull – The denser plate sinks back into the mantle under the influence of gravity. A stream bed following a tilted valley. You can find out more about water balance here. When answering a question about endogenous or exogenous factors you need to not only be able to list them but to explain very clearly, using an example, how the factors affect the character of places. Oct 19, 2023 · Elevation is distance above sea level. This then creates a slip plane. area reaching from the sediment of a body of water to its surface. Less resistant strata erode and weather quickly, being cut back rapidly, wave cut notches may be formed. 3. 11% of fresh surface water is found in swamps and 2% is found in rivers. On a macroscopic level, tectonic deformation can define the large-scale landforms of a region (Figure 5. Our A Level Geography qualification develops students’ understanding of physical and human geography from a local through to a global scale. This is the total volume of water flowing through a channel at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). These are where rock strata or structures are aligned at an angle to the coastline. wind. Materials such as sand, pebbles, rocks, and seashell fragments cover beaches. Lagerstatten Deposits. Description. Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. Sea level change can be used to classify coasts as emergent or submergent. It is a combination of properties that uniquely determine how rocks react to stress, mechanical and chemical forces, and the environnment. Endogenous and Exogenous factors contributing to the character of places. 1B) The littoral zone forms three types of coastal landscape: Rocky, cliffed coastline. Glaciers are open systems with inputs and outputs to external systems, including fluvial and atmospheric systems. a slope of land adjoining a body of water, or a large elevated area of the sea floor. mercury. Read More …. Qualification number: 603/0782/1. Composite volcanoes can rise over 8000 feet. 1di) A bedding surface contains specimens of species A and C. volcanic eruptions under sea causes island arcs. - area of shoreline where land is subject to wave action. Mantle. The seven teaching modules are divided into topics as follows. The weight of the saturated cliff causes it to slump. 2) Oceanic- oceanic- denser plate will sub-duct forming a deep sea trench triggering earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Waves erode the base of the cliff creating a wave-cut notch. Fact 1: The word ‘meander’ comes from the Meander River located in present day Turkey and known to the Ancient Greeks as ‘maiandros. Resistant strata erode and weather slowly, retreating less rapidly. Glacial System. OIl and Gas Basins. It is the mixture of these factors interacting together that make Geology is more focused on the study of rocks and minerals, while geography is more focused on the broader landscape and phenomena. large, flat piece of land created by lava spreading out evenly across a region. Practical skills assessed in a written examination. They gain knowledge and understanding of different practical areas of geology and how they interrelate. Some rocks contain reactive minerals easily broken down by chemical weathering, e. There are two physical and two human themes at A level and one of each at AS. This innovative course is packed with interactive activities, tips for field work and tutor-marked assignments to give you the best chance of success. Learners widen their knowledge and understanding of the subject, while developing their investigative abilities and their evaluation and decision-making skills. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Apr 26, 2024 · Geology is often responsible for how much water filters below the zone of saturation, making the water table easy to measure. Geology is more than just “weak” and “strong” rocks and resistance. Fjords are found mainly in Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, Greenland, and the U. Within a drainage basin, the flows of water are summarised using this equation: P = E + Q +/- S or Precipitation = Evapotranspiration + Streamflow +/- Storage. The syllabus is wide-ranging and comprises a variety of options. Geochemistry - focuses on the study of the chemistry of the minerals and rocks . molten rock, or magma, that erupts from volcanoes or fissures in the Earth's surface. Understanding how baselevel moves up or down over time, allows us to unravel stratigraphic trends and excursions of depositional environments. Just over 0. the walls and floors. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. 5. When composite volcanoes erupt they are explosive and A is a cross-sectional area in m². Also called a cascade. Hanging wall and Footwall: The upper block or, in other words, the block above the fault plane is called ‘Hanging wall’. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid matter of a celestial body. There are flows of energy, ice, water and sediments between stores. We aim to run two trips per term out into Mappleton is located on the Holderness Coast of East Yorkshire. It stretches from the banks of the river to the outer edges of the valley. Feb 6, 2024 · Geology. Jun 29, 2024 · When a system's inputs and outputs are equal, a state of equilibrium exists within it. - This is the only time that both A and C exist. In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Hade: It is the inclination of the fault plane that is vertical. Systems are made up of inputs, stores and processes and outputs. Sediment brought to the sea by rivers accumulates on the continental shelf. The magma cools to form new plate material. The four layers of earth include: Crust. Fjords are often set in a U-shaped valley with steep walls of rock on either side. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. Syllabus overview. Nov 29, 2023 · noun. Aug 3, 2020 · Baselevel is a datum. Our A Level in Geology introduces students to a range of geological concepts and skills, and develops their understanding by applying them to the world around them. Apr 26, 2024 · noun. A plate (additionally known as a lithospheric plate) is a big, sporadically formed chunk of solid stone, made out of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. floodplain. Formed billions of years ago, the planet comprises of several layers making the structure of the earth. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. AS Level. additional part of a larger project or organization. Uniformitarian ideas opposed the The geological structure of rocks (the formation of joints, the angle of the dip, faulting and folding) is caused by the deformation and stress placed on them from tectonic processes. A layer is defined as the thickness of a material that is laid out. V is the velocity in m/s. The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. Rainwater infiltrates the cliff through unconsolidated, porous material (e. An escarpment is an area of the Earth where elevation changes suddenly. Drainage basins can cover many square miles/km over a number of countries e. Mar 1, 2016 · GCE AS and A level subject content for geology. Specification code: H481. ’. If people have built a dam to hinder a river's flow, the lake What is oxidation weathering? Rock minerals react with oxygen and therefore changing the mineral composition of the rock. A Level Geology OCR – Topics. freshwater estuary. finitionsCoasts Glossary - Edexcel Geography A-Level Abrasion - A form of erosion where loose material and sediment ‘sandpapers. Their lithology and structure means they erode and weather slowly. A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the channel of a river or other watercourse. They develop practical fieldwork skills as they explore and think critically about the interactions between people and the environment and the issues arising. In a coastal landscape, this could happen when the rate at which sediment is being added to a beach equals the rate at which sediment is being removed from the beach; the beach will therefore remain the same size. The clay becomes saturated and forms a slip plane. " Geology, on the other hand, is also derived from the ancient Greek language. As small creeks flow downhill they merge to form larger streams and rivers. all related food chains in an ecosystem. Some hot spots produce volcanoes. A drop in sea level promotes increased downcutting and the retreat upstream of a knickpoint (sharp change of gradient indicating the change of a river’s May 31, 2020 · Lithology is a branch of geology while geography is a branch of Earth sciences. S. PDF, 630 KB, 24 pages. 6B: Mass Movement. . Light, porous rocks can hold more water than heavy, dense rocks. act in which earth is worn away, often by water, wind, or ice. . The boundaries are determined by the shape of the coastline and topography which prevent the transfer of sediment to adjacent cells. Earth's structure. magma. The word Geo means the Earth and -logia means "the study of. Mass Extinctions. These components are linked together by flows of energy and materials through the system. These systems may be terrestrial, atmospheric or oc. Core content amounts to 60% of AS and A level specifications. Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. 10). Give a reason for your answer. 1) - the littoral zone consists of backshore, nearshore, foreshore and offshore zones (ONFB) - it includes a wide variety of coastal types, and is a dynamic zone of rapid change. Glaciers are defined as: Large rivers (mass) of ice, moving downhill, under the influence of gravity. Terms in this set (189) littoral zone definition (2B. Apr 23, 2024 · Erosion is the opposite of deposition, the geological process in which earthen materials are deposited, or built up, on a landform. Exam Tip. Specification code: H414. The Geography syllabus builds upon skills gained at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level study. See 2B. Basin Analysis. From this, a geoid can be produced for sea level, which is the level at which it would be under the force of gravity and the Earth’s rotation alone, taking out tidal and other short-term variations. In geography, a location's relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. Engineering Consideration of Joints: 1. anic and can include the rock, water and carbon cycles Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Faults, Joints, Bedding Plane and more. pl. a lake or sea), resulting in the reduction in the river’s capacity to transport sediment. 3A: Lithology and Rate of Coastal Recession. This causes other plates to move away from each other. usually form in areas with resistant geology, in a high energy environment, where erosion is greater than deposition and big 2B. Rocky coasts usually form in areas of geology that is resistant to the erosive forces of the sea, rain and wind. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies Aug 9, 2019 · Matt Rosenberg. State during which time zone (1-4) it is most likely to have been deposited. ZIP 3MB. lava plain. The brown color indicates that bits of Aug 16, 2023 · Geology and geography are both fascinating fields of study that offer unique insights into the Earth’s physical features and processes. Dec 25, 2020 · Coasts: Geomorphological Processes in a Snap! Unlock the full A-level Geography course at https://bit. Floodways can sometimes be seasonal, meaning the channel is dry for part Charles Lyell (1797 — 1875) was a Scottish lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. 5 billion-year backstory of our home planet. Relief relies on the hardness, permeability and structure of a rock. Whole Basin Facies Analysis. Oct 19, 2023 · rocky outermost layer of Earth or other planet. Find out more about mass movement. This can be caused by: n. Over many years, water and wind wear away at the land. The construction of major dams of rivers can trap river sediment Introduction to water and carbon cycles. While lithography involves detailed description of the characteristics or a summary of the properties of the rock, geography describes the composition of rocks and unlithified materials and the changes happen to them over time. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. 3A for how lithology affects resistance. Water and carbon are cycled through open and closed systems. 01% of all water on Earth is stored in lakes and rivers. Oct 19, 2023 · A floodplain (or floodplain) is a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream. They have a marked change of slope at their seaward edge and a flat or reverse-sloped platform that lies slightly Jun 6, 2018 · Flowing water finds its way downhill initially as small creeks. There is an imaginary line separating drainage basins called a watershed. They can be shown on maps by contour lines, which connect points with the same elevation; by bands of color; or by numbers giving the exact elevations of particular points on the Earth's surface. Mass movement is the downslope movement of material (rock and soil) under the force of gravity. PAG 1 Mineral identification H014 H414 - Student and teacher sheet Nov 21, 2023 · Geology describes the composition, structure, and physical properties of Earth on and beneath its surface, as well as the processes that have shaped the Earth through its history. Complex cliff profiles are produced where cliffs are composed of strata of differing lithology. The Holderness Coast stretches over 50km from Flamborough in the north to Spurn Point in the south. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth. The speed at which water transfers to the river across the drainage basin. flat area alongside a stream or river that is subject to flooding. One of these is a derived fossil. intensely hot region deep within the Earth that rises to just underneath the surface. Atolls develop with underwater volcanoes, called seamounts. Principal Turkish rivers that drain into the Aegean Sea are the Gediz and Büyükmenderes (ancient Meander); the many loops and bends of the Büyükmenderes gave Coastal Landscapes and Change. Coastal landscapes are open systems. 6 days ago · A sediment cell is a stretch of coastline and nearshore area within which sediment is largely self contained. 7% of all water and 20% of fresh water. 0 (6) Edge Hill University - BSc Physical Geography. 2. backshore definition. movement of air (from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone) caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. The soft boulder clay holds rainwater and run-off. Geoarchaeology - uses geography, geology, and other Earth sciences to examine topics that inform archaeology . An important part of geology is the study of how Earth's materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. Oxidation - when iron minerals in the rock react with oxygen in the air to cause rusting and breakdown the rock. The key features of geography AS and A level are as follows: AS level geography is a standalone qualification ‘de-coupled’ from A level. It is the umbrella term for a wide range of specific movements including landslide, rotational slumping and 10 Interesting Facts About the Meanders. 1) Oceanic-oceanic- Continental crust sub-ducts, heated by friction and melts into magma, forms volcanoes. Module 1: Development of practical skills in geology. River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. Aug 23, 2020 · Ridge push –magma rises as the plates move apart. Conclusion Oct 19, 2023 · noun. 1dii) A bedding surface contains specimens of species B, D and E. You will learn how the great heat engine at the centre of our planet drives the movement of plates and makes, destroys and remakes a mind-bending array of evidence which you can use to work out the amazing 4. Watch on. Studying A level Geography will give you a deeper understanding of the world around you. The smallest occupy only a few hectares, whereas the largest cover hundreds of thousands of square kilometres—as, for example, the Great Plains of North America and the expanse of gently undulating land that sweeps from the Pyrenees Range on the French Meander. If the sediment at the edge of the slope becomes unstable it will move down the slope under the force of gravity. The Changing Earth. It comprises geographical skills and core themes. Rivers eventually end up flowing into the oceans. Berms are commonly found on beaches that have fairly coarse sand and are the result of the deposition of material by low-energy waves. ly/34mujZD created by Isabella, Geography expert at Sna Jul 5, 2020 · Describe the process of slumping. However, as we will see in this unit human actions affect the state of equilibrium within the coastal system. Discordant coasts have a crenellated pattern of projecting headlands and indented bays. berm, terrace of a beach that has formed in the backshore, above the water level at high tide. The block below the fault plane or, in other words, beneath the fault plane is called the Footwall. caves. Or, concordant and discordant. PAG 1 Activity 3 - Geology on the street H014 - DOCX 1MB. Waves. Dike (geology) A magmatic dike (vertical) cross-cutting horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, in Makhtesh Ramon, Israel. Evolution and Applied Palaeontology. It popularized geologist James Hutton’s concept of “uniformitarianism” — the idea that the Earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today. The characteristics of waves are determined by the strength of the wind, its duration and fetch (distance a wave travels). Updated on August 09, 2019. The concept of baselevel is fundamental to stratigraphic analysis. If the wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place. A pyroclastic flow can travel down the side of a volcano at very high speeds with temperatures over 400 degrees Celsius. A drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries (river system). feeder bluff. 4. noun. Tectonic plates. A Level. chain of volcanoes formed at a subduction zone. Backshore - The upper beach. If water flows to a place that is surrounded by higher land on all sides, a lake will form. A simple cross-section of a composite volcano. Online A level Geography in 60 seconds. An atoll surrounds a body of water called a lagoon. Practical activities. Drainage basin discharge = precipitation Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. Tectonic movement along a fault may bring hard and soft rocks together and encourage the establishment of a waterfall. Usually, this is a ridge of high land. person who studies the physical formations of the Earth. Drainage basins are subsystems of the global hydrological cycle, they drain all the water which lands on the Earth's surface. Inputs. state of Alaska. Jun 6, 2024 · Erosion and geology are not the only factors that create waterfalls. Landscapes and ChangeDetailed NotesClassifying CoastsThe coast can be considered as an open system as it receives inputs from outside the system and trans. A floodplain consists of two parts. The first is the main channel of the river itself, called the floodway. The stronger the wind the greater the friction on the surface of the sea and therefore the bigger the wave. Geology is an instruction manual for the planet. Geology has a stronger emphasis on the Earth’s deep history, while geography is more concerned with the current state of the Earth’s surface. Maps that show elevations are called topographic maps. Adam H. Geological factors include: Marine factors include: Human activity can increase rates of coastal recession by interrupting the operation of the sediment cell. f the river, cliff or glacier. 2B. First, the volcano erupts, piling up lava on Oct 19, 2023 · place where a river or freshwater stream flows into a deep, steep gorge carved by a glacier and filled with seawater. Oct 10, 2019 · The word geography is derived from the Greek word geographia, which translates to "Earth description. The coast can be seen as a system in order to help to understand the processes and interactions involved. Sediment cells operate on a range of spatial and temporal scales. g. Jun 26, 2024 · plain, any relatively level area of the Earth’s surface exhibiting gentle slopes and small local relief. Also known as attrition. ge·ol·o·gies. An example of this is the Himalaya Mountains, which are formed by continental plate collision resulting in thrust faults (low-angle fault planes). Practical skills developed through fieldwork and assessed in a written examination. In conclusion, geology and geography are two related but distinct Geology definition: the science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing. Edexcel Geography A-level. Generally, the natural beaches of Holderness are almost always narrow and unable to stop wave erosion. Conservative plate margins. bird-foot delta. It pulls the rest of the plate along Rapid coastal erosion is caused by physical factors when geological and marine characteristics combine to promote erosion. Fold mountains form where plates meet. Discordant. Also called a birdfoot delta or bird's-foot delta. Geology is a 2. 75% of fresh water on Earth is stored in a frozen state, part of the cryosphere. food web. Also called a food cycle. For example, with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. ★ 5. hot spot. Solution - when other salt minerals in the rock are dissolved. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight coast channel. areas of high relief varying from a few metres to hundreds of metres in height. coastal cliff that provides sand and sediment to down-current beaches as it erodes. Outer core - semi-molten, mostly liquid iron and nickel. Carbonation - when rain is slightly acidic and reacts with carbonate rocks like limestone, causing them to dissolve. Rocky coasts occupy about 1,000 km of the UK's coastline, mainly in the north and west. At a convergence zone, faulting and folding occurs in rock, creating mountain ranges. Oct 19, 2023 · A fjord is a long, deep, narrow body of water that reaches far inland. There are three types of chemical weathering. Other minerals are more inert that Geological structure (jointing, dip, folding, faulting) is an important influence on coastal morphology and erosion rates, and also on the formation of cliff profiles and the occurrence of micro-features, e. Rivers act as the main conduit within a drainage basin to transfer water within the Rocky Coasts. ers outputs away from the coast and into other systems. Plate size can change significantly, from three or four hundred to thousands of kilometers over; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the biggest. Sometimes, atolls and lagoons protect a central island. geologist. It is important to have a list of good adjectives that describe place character such as ‘picturesque’, ‘industrial’, ‘quaint A wide variety of coastal types (this is basically 2B. A book on geology. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. The lithosphere consists of seven major and several minor tectonic plates which float on top of the asthenosphere. calcite in limestone. Joints provide passage for the percolation of water and help weathering and formation of soil. Channels between islets connect a lagoon to the open ocean or sea. Deltas are landforms formed at the mouth of a river, where the river meets a body of water with a lower velocity than the river (e. Most beach materials are the products of weathering and erosion. In quarry operation joints in rocks are helpful for easier detachment of the rocks. Elevations are usually measured in meters or feet. Experienced A Level, GCSE & IB Geography, ESS & TOK tutor Oct 19, 2023 · An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef, island, or series of islets. losest to the land, including any cliffs or s. Most surface water is stored in lakes (87%). Each layer has its own characteristics and purpose. water column. Geologists often conduct fieldwork, collecting rock samples, mapping geological formations, and studying the Oct 19, 2023 · specific natural feature on the Earth's surface. flow of water descending steeply over a cliff. An area underlain with pumice , a very light and porous rock, is more likely to hold a fuller aquifer and provide a clearer measurement for a water table. In theory, the inputs, processes and outputs work together to create coastal equilibrium. Absolute sea level is measured against a reference ellipsoid, an imaginary sphere within the Earth that can be used as a datum. Nov 15, 2023 · noun. They may form a 'bench' feature at the cliff base. There is a discharge relationship within drainage basins. Bedrock lithology (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and unconsolidated material geology are important in understanding rates of coastal recession. boulder clay). Plains vary widely in size. These can include technology, industry, soils, geology, weather and climate, demographics and communications. Most erosion is performed by liquid water, wind, or ice (usually in the form of a glacier ). It includes water found in the water table and surface run-off. Mass movement (blockfall, rotational slumping, landslides) is important on some coasts with weak and/or complex geology. Geology involves the study of rocks, minerals, and the processes that shape the Earth’s crust. Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement. It can be used to classify coasts as rocky, sandy or estaurine. area where a river flows into a larger body of water through long, isolated channels that branch outward like a bird's foot. The drainage basin hydrological system is a local open system. Module 2: Foundations in geology H014 H414 - This guide will help teachers plan for and teach foundations in geology by giving guidance on key concepts and suggesting classroom activities. Characteristics of a wave. It is a plane to which geological, geomorphic and geodetic measurements are referenced. us qv xh ig xn ge ce xl lz rx